{"id":7340,"date":"2022-05-25T12:24:03","date_gmt":"2022-05-25T12:24:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/?page_id=7340"},"modified":"2022-06-28T16:44:10","modified_gmt":"2022-06-28T16:44:10","slug":"myeloproliferative-disorders","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/myeloproliferative-disorders\/","title":{"rendered":"Myeloproliferative disorders"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Prior information<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A haematopoiesis precursor cell or stem cell has an ability to renew itself continuously and gradually develop to a mature cell of lymphoid or myeloid blood cell line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"649\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Myelo_joonis_jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Myelo_joonis_jpg.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Myelo_joonis_jpg-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Myelo_joonis_jpg-69x45.jpg 69w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the normal blood of an adult, the largest amount of myeloid cell line representatives are neutrophilic granulocytes; there are less eosinophilic granulocytes, basophilic granulocytes, monocytes. Of lymphoid cells, a healthy adult has mature lymphocytes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1615\" height=\"1136\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/myleo_luuydi_eng-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/myleo_luuydi_eng-11.png 1615w, https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/myleo_luuydi_eng-11-768x540.png 768w, https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/myleo_luuydi_eng-11-1536x1080.png 1536w, https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/myleo_luuydi_eng-11-64x45.png 64w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1615px) 100vw, 1615px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Limit values of absolute and relative counts of blood cells can be seen on the results page of a blood analysis. If you have questions, always ask for help from your doctor who is happy to interpret the results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the origin of the cell line, haematopoietic diseases are divided into myeloid and lymphoid tumours. Both myeloid and lymphoid tumours may be divided into acute and chronic diseases (leukaemia). In the case of acute leukaemia, immature cell types called blasts dominate the blood count and bone marrow. These are diseases requiring prompt medical intervention, in which normal haematopoietic tissue is replaced with malignant tumorous cells, blasts, over a short time. Uncontrolled haemorrhages, infections, circulation disorders and impairments in the function of several organ systems can develop due to failure of normal haematopoiesis. In the case of chronic blood disorders, the tumour cells resemble regular mature blood cells. Acute leukaemia will never become chronic, but some chronic haematopoietic diseases may become aggressive diseases, for example, acute leukaemia, due to their normal course or with anti-tumour medications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Chronic myeloproliferative tumours (internationally MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasms)<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Terms and definitions<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The prefix \u2018myelo\u2019 means bone marrow, \u2018proliferative\u2019 indicates rapid multiplication or proliferation of the cells. \u2018Chronic\u2019 means haematopoiesis tumour with mostly mature cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms are diseases of the myeloid line, the main representatives are chronic myeloid leukaemia (see separate subsection for details), polycythaemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Polycythaemia\u2019 means that there are more cells in the blood than normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Thrombocythemia\u2019 means, above all, the abundance of thrombocytes or platelets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Fibrosis\u2019 means fibrous scar tissue, which, in rare cases, may oust normal haematopoietic tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018Vera\u2019, \u2018essential\u2019 indicate tumour originating from bone marrow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term \u2018reactive\u2019 in the conclusion of a haematologist means that blood changes are probably caused by another disease or condition outside the bone marrow. In most cases, the causes of changes in blood counts are acute and chronic infections, other inflammatory diseases, drugs as well as smoking, alcohol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Epidemiology<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are rare or very rare diseases. For example, the incidence of polycythaemia vera or essential thrombocythemia may be around two new cases per 100,000 persons per year, primary myelofibrosis is even rarer \u2013 0.22-0.5 new cases per 100,000 persons per year. For comparison, type II diabetes is diagnosed in Europe with an incidence of around seven new cases per 1000 persons per year.&nbsp;Polycythaemia vera is found more often in people over 50; in men a little more frequently than in women. Patients becoming ill with essential thrombocythemia are more often over 60 (men and women equally), but around 20% are less than 40 years old at diagnosis (women more often).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Causes of MPN<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In most patients with polycythaemia vera, a change in the Janus-kinase 2 gene (abbreviation JAK2) is found, therefore the production and destruction of blood cells is no longer subject to the body\u2019s normal regulation. The life-span of blood cells is prolonged, their total volume in the bone marrow and blood increases with time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This change in JAK2 is most often present in patients with essential thrombocytopaenia and primary myelofibrosis. Less often, changes in calreticulin (CALR) and MPL genes occur in patients with essential thrombocytopaenia and primary myelofibrosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These changes develop during the course of life and are not hereditary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The causes of gene mutations are not completely known or avoidable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>MPN diagnosis<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MPN suspicion is in most cases based on blood count. In such cases, a haematologist orders an additional blood analysis for molecular genetic investigation. A change in the JAK2, CALR or MPL gene gives a clearer suggestion that it could be a disease of the MPN group. Regrettably, it is not always possible to determine which disease of the MPN group it is on the basis of blood analyses and genetic tests. For diagnosis elaboration and especially for evaluation of haematopoiesis status before initiating specific anti-tumour treatment, a bone marrow investigation is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The risks and prognosis of MPN group diseases differ in patients of different ages and with different diagnoses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong><strong>polycythaemia vera<\/strong><\/strong> (PV), the number of all blood cells, especially red blood cells, increases. Haemoglobin (over 165) and haematocrit (over 49%, indicates the ratio of blood cells and blood plasma) are especially high.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Main disease signs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>reddish face, whites of eyes, hands and feet<\/li><li>in <em>ca<\/em> 40%, skin itching, especially after exposure to warm water<\/li><li>headache, drowsiness, tiredness<\/li><li>sometimes changes are discovered associated with acute cardiovascular disease (for example, after myocardial infarction or stroke)<\/li><li>many patients don\u2019t complain of anything; the disease is found accidentally<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Essentsiaalse trombots\u00fcteemia<\/strong>&nbsp;(ET) korral suureneb trombots\u00fc\u00fctide hulk veres \u2265 450 x 10<sup>9<\/sup>\/l<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>essential thrombocytopaenia<\/strong> (ET) platelet count in the blood increases to \u2265450 x 10<sup>9<\/sup>\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>in many patients, thrombocytosis is found accidentally<\/li><li>sometimes blood changes are discovered in association with an acute disease with thrombosis or blood vessel obstruction<\/li><li>sometimes haemorrhages occur, especially when the platelet count is &gt;1000 x 10<sup>9<\/sup>\/L<\/li><li>in 30-50%, spleen enlarges (may cause feeling of inconvenience or fullness)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The biggest health risks of PV and ET are associated with arterial and venous thrombosis. The risk of thrombosis increases for those aged over 60 and with concurrent diseases such as type II diabetes and hypertension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong><strong>myelofibrosis<\/strong><\/strong> (MF), normal haematopoiesis regulation is impaired due to genetic changes. An abnormal amount of fibrous scar tissue or fibrosis occurs in the bone marrow. Myelofibrosis may gradually develop in the background of other bone marrow diseases (for example, polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythemia). Myelofibrosis can also develop independently \u2013 in such a case, the tumour is called primary myelofibrosis. The spleen and liver usually enlarge, causing a compensatory take over of the production of blood cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Main disease signs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>number of blood cells decreases with time<\/li><li>due to anaemia (low haemoglobin) tiredness, weakness, palpitations, decrease in physical performance<\/li><li>frequent infections due to shortage of leukocytes or white blood cells<\/li><li>haemorrhages due to shortage of thrombocytes or platelets<\/li><li>feeling of full stomach, abdominal pain, abdominal gases due to enlargement of spleen (and also liver)<\/li><li>general symptoms \u2013 increased nocturnal sweating, weight loss, tiredness, fever<\/li><li>bone and joint pain, leg cramps<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main objective of <strong><strong>PV and ET treatment<\/strong><\/strong> is the reduction of thrombosis risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treatment options may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>low-dose aspirin (so-called baby aspirin);<\/li><li>bloodletting or therapeutic phlebotomy to keep haematocrit &lt;45%;<\/li><li>cytoreductive agents to inhibit cell growth; or<\/li><li>uric acid reducing agents (if required).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective of <strong>MF treatment<\/strong> is the alleviation of symptoms and the improvement of quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treatment choices may include the following options depending on disease load and risks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>in the case of anaemia, transfusions of red blood cells, erythropoietin, hormonal treatment with glucocorticoids<\/li><li>if required, removal of excess iron from the body (iron accumulates in connection with blood transfusions)<\/li><li>reduction of tumour load: chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. hydroxycarbamide or Hydrea), JAK-inhibitors<\/li><li>uric acid-reducing agents<\/li><li>rarely in younger patients, transplantation of stem cells from other people (allogeneic)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>What can be done by the patient themselves?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MPN group diseases cannot be prevented, but with self-preserving behaviour, it is possible to reduce the risks of complications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Main recommendations for adaptation with the disease:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>avoid dehydration<\/li><li>don&#8217;t smoke<\/li><li>eat a healthy, balanced diet<\/li><li>avoid taking iron-containing food supplements or drugs (please consult beforehand with a haematologist!)<\/li><li>maintain a normal weight and practice recreational sports, if possible<\/li><li>avoid prolonged stress position, e.g. sitting<\/li><li>keep blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose under control<\/li><li>consult with a haematologist when planning pregnancy and getting pregnant<\/li><li>vaccination against for example COVID-19, influenza is allowed and very necessary!<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Compiled by: Dr Halliki K\u00f5dar <br>Last updated: May 2021<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prior information A haematopoiesis precursor cell or stem cell has an ability to renew itself continuously and gradually develop to a mature cell of lymphoid or myeloid blood cell line. In the normal blood of an adult, the largest amount of myeloid cell line representatives are neutrophilic granulocytes; there are less eosinophilic granulocytes, basophilic granulocytes, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/myeloproliferative-disorders\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7213,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7340","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7340"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7755,"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7340\/revisions\/7755"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7213"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/leukeemia.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}